v2 Opcodes

Ops have a 'cost' of 1 unless otherwise specified.

err

• Bytecode: 0x00
• Stack: ... → exits
• Fail immediately.

sha256

• Bytecode: 0x01
• Stack: ..., A: []byte → ..., [32]byte
• SHA256 hash of value A, yields [32]byte
• Cost: 35

keccak256

• Bytecode: 0x02
• Stack: ..., A: []byte → ..., [32]byte
• Keccak256 hash of value A, yields [32]byte
• Cost: 130

sha512_256

• Bytecode: 0x03
• Stack: ..., A: []byte → ..., [32]byte
• SHA512_256 hash of value A, yields [32]byte
• Cost: 45

ed25519verify

• Bytecode: 0x04
• Stack: ..., A: []byte, B: [64]byte, C: [32]byte → ..., bool
• for (data A, signature B, pubkey C) verify the signature of ("ProgData" || program_hash || data) against the pubkey => {0 or 1}
• Cost: 1900
• Mode: Signature

The 32 byte public key is the last element on the stack, preceded by the 64 byte signature at the second-to-last element on the stack, preceded by the data which was signed at the third-to-last element on the stack.

+

• Bytecode: 0x08
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., uint64
• A plus B. Fail on overflow.

Overflow is an error condition which halts execution and fails the transaction. Full precision is available from addw.

-

• Bytecode: 0x09
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., uint64
• A minus B. Fail if B > A.

/

• Bytecode: 0x0a
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., uint64
• A divided by B (truncated division). Fail if B == 0.

divmodw is available to divide the two-element values produced by mulw and addw.

*

• Bytecode: 0x0b
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., uint64
• A times B. Fail on overflow.

Overflow is an error condition which halts execution and fails the transaction. Full precision is available from mulw.

<

• Bytecode: 0x0c
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., bool
• A less than B => {0 or 1}

>

• Bytecode: 0x0d
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., bool
• A greater than B => {0 or 1}

<=

• Bytecode: 0x0e
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., bool
• A less than or equal to B => {0 or 1}

>=

• Bytecode: 0x0f
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., bool
• A greater than or equal to B => {0 or 1}

&&

• Bytecode: 0x10
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., bool
• A is not zero and B is not zero => {0 or 1}

||

• Bytecode: 0x11
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., bool
• A is not zero or B is not zero => {0 or 1}

==

• Bytecode: 0x12
• Stack: ..., A, B → ..., bool
• A is equal to B => {0 or 1}

!=

• Bytecode: 0x13
• Stack: ..., A, B → ..., bool
• A is not equal to B => {0 or 1}

!

• Bytecode: 0x14
• Stack: ..., A: uint64 → ..., uint64
• A == 0 yields 1; else 0

len

• Bytecode: 0x15
• Stack: ..., A: []byte → ..., uint64
• yields length of byte value A

itob

• Bytecode: 0x16
• Stack: ..., A: uint64 → ..., [8]byte
• converts uint64 A to big-endian byte array, always of length 8

btoi

• Bytecode: 0x17
• Stack: ..., A: []byte → ..., uint64
• converts big-endian byte array A to uint64. Fails if len(A) > 8. Padded by leading 0s if len(A) < 8.

btoi fails if the input is longer than 8 bytes.

%

• Bytecode: 0x18
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., uint64
• A modulo B. Fail if B == 0.

|

• Bytecode: 0x19
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., uint64
• A bitwise-or B

&

• Bytecode: 0x1a
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., uint64
• A bitwise-and B

^

• Bytecode: 0x1b
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., uint64
• A bitwise-xor B

~

• Bytecode: 0x1c
• Stack: ..., A: uint64 → ..., uint64
• bitwise invert value A

mulw

• Bytecode: 0x1d
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., X: uint64, Y: uint64
• A times B as a 128-bit result in two uint64s. X is the high 64 bits, Y is the low

addw

• Bytecode: 0x1e
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., X: uint64, Y: uint64
• A plus B as a 128-bit result. X is the carry-bit, Y is the low-order 64 bits.
• Availability: v2

intcblock

• Syntax: intcblock UINT ... where UINT ...: a block of int constant values
• Bytecode: 0x20 {varuint count, [varuint ...]}
• Stack: ... → ...
• prepare block of uint64 constants for use by intc

intcblock loads following program bytes into an array of integer constants in the evaluator. These integer constants can be referred to by intc and intc_* which will push the value onto the stack. Subsequent calls to intcblock reset and replace the integer constants available to the script.

intc

• Syntax: intc I where I: an index in the intcblock
• Bytecode: 0x21 {uint8}
• Stack: ... → ..., uint64
• Ith constant from intcblock

intc_0

• Bytecode: 0x22
• Stack: ... → ..., uint64
• constant 0 from intcblock

intc_1

• Bytecode: 0x23
• Stack: ... → ..., uint64
• constant 1 from intcblock

intc_2

• Bytecode: 0x24
• Stack: ... → ..., uint64
• constant 2 from intcblock

intc_3

• Bytecode: 0x25
• Stack: ... → ..., uint64
• constant 3 from intcblock

bytecblock

• Syntax: bytecblock BYTES ... where BYTES ...: a block of byte constant values
• Bytecode: 0x26 {varuint count, [varuint length, bytes ...]}
• Stack: ... → ...
• prepare block of byte-array constants for use by bytec

bytecblock loads the following program bytes into an array of byte-array constants in the evaluator. These constants can be referred to by bytec and bytec_* which will push the value onto the stack. Subsequent calls to bytecblock reset and replace the bytes constants available to the script.

bytec

• Syntax: bytec I where I: an index in the bytecblock
• Bytecode: 0x27 {uint8}
• Stack: ... → ..., []byte
• Ith constant from bytecblock

bytec_0

• Bytecode: 0x28
• Stack: ... → ..., []byte
• constant 0 from bytecblock

bytec_1

• Bytecode: 0x29
• Stack: ... → ..., []byte
• constant 1 from bytecblock

bytec_2

• Bytecode: 0x2a
• Stack: ... → ..., []byte
• constant 2 from bytecblock

bytec_3

• Bytecode: 0x2b
• Stack: ... → ..., []byte
• constant 3 from bytecblock

arg

• Syntax: arg N where N: an arg index
• Bytecode: 0x2c {uint8}
• Stack: ... → ..., []byte
• Nth LogicSig argument
• Mode: Signature

arg_0

• Bytecode: 0x2d
• Stack: ... → ..., []byte
• LogicSig argument 0
• Mode: Signature

arg_1

• Bytecode: 0x2e
• Stack: ... → ..., []byte
• LogicSig argument 1
• Mode: Signature

arg_2

• Bytecode: 0x2f
• Stack: ... → ..., []byte
• LogicSig argument 2
• Mode: Signature

arg_3

• Bytecode: 0x30
• Stack: ... → ..., []byte
• LogicSig argument 3
• Mode: Signature

txn

• Syntax: txn F where F: txn
• Bytecode: 0x31 {uint8}
• Stack: ... → ..., any
• field F of current transaction

txn

Fields (see transaction reference)

Index	Name	Type	In	Notes
0	Sender	address		32 byte address
1	Fee	uint64		microalgos
2	FirstValid	uint64		round number
4	LastValid	uint64		round number
5	Note	[]byte		Any data up to 1024 bytes
6	Lease	[32]byte		32 byte lease value
7	Receiver	address		32 byte address
8	Amount	uint64		microalgos
9	CloseRemainderTo	address		32 byte address
10	VotePK	[32]byte		32 byte address
11	SelectionPK	[32]byte		32 byte address
12	VoteFirst	uint64		The first round that the participation key is valid.
13	VoteLast	uint64		The last round that the participation key is valid.
14	VoteKeyDilution	uint64		Dilution for the 2-level participation key
15	Type	[]byte		Transaction type as bytes
16	TypeEnum	uint64		Transaction type as integer
17	XferAsset	uint64		Asset ID
18	AssetAmount	uint64		value in Asset's units
19	AssetSender	address		32 byte address. Source of assets if Sender is the Asset's Clawback address.
20	AssetReceiver	address		32 byte address
21	AssetCloseTo	address		32 byte address
22	GroupIndex	uint64		Position of this transaction within an atomic transaction group. A stand-alone transaction is implicitly element 0 in a group of 1
23	TxID	[32]byte		The computed ID for this transaction. 32 bytes.
24	ApplicationID	uint64	v2	ApplicationID from ApplicationCall transaction
25	OnCompletion	uint64	v2	ApplicationCall transaction on completion action
27	NumAppArgs	uint64	v2	Number of ApplicationArgs
29	NumAccounts	uint64	v2	Number of Accounts
30	ApprovalProgram	[]byte	v2	Approval program
31	ClearStateProgram	[]byte	v2	Clear state program
32	RekeyTo	address	v2	32 byte Sender's new AuthAddr
33	ConfigAsset	uint64	v2	Asset ID in asset config transaction
34	ConfigAssetTotal	uint64	v2	Total number of units of this asset created
35	ConfigAssetDecimals	uint64	v2	Number of digits to display after the decimal place when displaying the asset
36	ConfigAssetDefaultFrozen	bool	v2	Whether the asset's slots are frozen by default or not, 0 or 1
37	ConfigAssetUnitName	[]byte	v2	Unit name of the asset
38	ConfigAssetName	[]byte	v2	The asset name
39	ConfigAssetURL	[]byte	v2	URL
40	ConfigAssetMetadataHash	[32]byte	v2	32 byte commitment to unspecified asset metadata
41	ConfigAssetManager	address	v2	32 byte address
42	ConfigAssetReserve	address	v2	32 byte address
43	ConfigAssetFreeze	address	v2	32 byte address
44	ConfigAssetClawback	address	v2	32 byte address
45	FreezeAsset	uint64	v2	Asset ID being frozen or un-frozen
46	FreezeAssetAccount	address	v2	32 byte address of the account whose asset slot is being frozen or un-frozen
47	FreezeAssetFrozen	bool	v2	The new frozen value, 0 or 1

global

• Syntax: global F where F: global
• Bytecode: 0x32 {uint8}
• Stack: ... → ..., any
• global field F

global

Fields

Index	Name	Type	In	Notes
0	MinTxnFee	uint64		microalgos
1	MinBalance	uint64		microalgos
2	MaxTxnLife	uint64		rounds
3	ZeroAddress	address		32 byte address of all zero bytes
4	GroupSize	uint64		Number of transactions in this atomic transaction group. At least 1
5	LogicSigVersion	uint64	v2	Maximum supported version
6	Round	uint64	v2	Current round number. Application mode only.
7	LatestTimestamp	uint64	v2	Last confirmed block UNIX timestamp. Fails if negative. Application mode only.
8	CurrentApplicationID	uint64	v2	ID of current application executing. Application mode only.

gtxn

• Syntax: gtxn T F where T: transaction group index, F: txn
• Bytecode: 0x33 {uint8}, {uint8}
• Stack: ... → ..., any
• field F of the Tth transaction in the current group

for notes on transaction fields available, see txn. If this transaction is i in the group, gtxn i field is equivalent to txn field.

load

• Syntax: load I where I: position in scratch space to load from
• Bytecode: 0x34 {uint8}
• Stack: ... → ..., any
• Ith scratch space value. All scratch spaces are 0 at program start.

store

• Syntax: store I where I: position in scratch space to store to
• Bytecode: 0x35 {uint8}
• Stack: ..., A → ...
• store A to the Ith scratch space

txna

• Syntax: txna F I where F: txna, I: transaction field array index
• Bytecode: 0x36 {uint8}, {uint8}
• Stack: ... → ..., any
• Ith value of the array field F of the current transaction
  txna can be called using txn with 2 immediates.
• Availability: v2

txna

Fields (see transaction reference)

Index	Name	Type	Notes
26	ApplicationArgs	[]byte	Arguments passed to the application in the ApplicationCall transaction
28	Accounts	address	Accounts listed in the ApplicationCall transaction

gtxna

• Syntax: gtxna T F I where T: transaction group index, F: txna, I: transaction field array index
• Bytecode: 0x37 {uint8}, {uint8}, {uint8}
• Stack: ... → ..., any
• Ith value of the array field F from the Tth transaction in the current group
  gtxna can be called using gtxn with 3 immediates.
• Availability: v2

bnz

• Syntax: bnz TARGET where TARGET: branch offset
• Bytecode: 0x40 {int16 (big-endian)}
• Stack: ..., A: uint64 → ...
• branch to TARGET if value A is not zero

The bnz instruction opcode 0x40 is followed by two immediate data bytes which are a high byte first and low byte second which together form a 16 bit offset which the instruction may branch to. For a bnz instruction at pc, if the last element of the stack is not zero then branch to instruction at pc + 3 + N, else proceed to next instruction at pc + 3. Branch targets must be aligned instructions. (e.g. Branching to the second byte of a 2 byte op will be rejected.) Starting at v4, the offset is treated as a signed 16 bit integer allowing for backward branches and looping. In prior version (v1 to v3), branch offsets are limited to forward branches only, 0-0x7fff.

At v2 it became allowed to branch to the end of the program exactly after the last instruction: bnz to byte N (with 0-indexing) was illegal for a TEAL program with N bytes before v2, and is legal after it. This change eliminates the need for a last instruction of no-op as a branch target at the end. (Branching beyond the end--in other words, to a byte larger than N--is still illegal and will cause the program to fail.)

bz

• Syntax: bz TARGET where TARGET: branch offset
• Bytecode: 0x41 {int16 (big-endian)}
• Stack: ..., A: uint64 → ...
• branch to TARGET if value A is zero
• Availability: v2

See bnz for details on how branches work. bz inverts the behavior of bnz.

b

• Syntax: b TARGET where TARGET: branch offset
• Bytecode: 0x42 {int16 (big-endian)}
• Stack: ... → ...
• branch unconditionally to TARGET
• Availability: v2

See bnz for details on how branches work. b always jumps to the offset.

return

• Bytecode: 0x43
• Stack: ..., A: uint64 → exits
• use A as success value; end
• Availability: v2

pop

• Bytecode: 0x48
• Stack: ..., A → ...
• discard A

dup

• Bytecode: 0x49
• Stack: ..., A → ..., A, A
• duplicate A

dup2

• Bytecode: 0x4a
• Stack: ..., A, B → ..., A, B, A, B
• duplicate A and B
• Availability: v2

concat

• Bytecode: 0x50
• Stack: ..., A: []byte, B: []byte → ..., []byte
• join A and B
• Availability: v2

concat fails if the result would be greater than 4096 bytes.

substring

• Syntax: substring S E where S: start position, E: end position
• Bytecode: 0x51 {uint8}, {uint8}
• Stack: ..., A: []byte → ..., []byte
• A range of bytes from A starting at S up to but not including E. If E < S, or either is larger than the array length, the program fails
• Availability: v2

substring3

• Bytecode: 0x52
• Stack: ..., A: []byte, B: uint64, C: uint64 → ..., []byte
• A range of bytes from A starting at B up to but not including C. If C < B, or either is larger than the array length, the program fails
• Availability: v2

balance

• Bytecode: 0x60
• Stack: ..., A: uint64 → ..., uint64
• balance for account A, in microalgos. The balance is observed after the effects of previous transactions in the group, and after the fee for the current transaction is deducted. Changes caused by inner transactions are observable immediately following itxn_submit
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an available account address), available application id (or, since v4, a Txn.ForeignApps offset). Return: value.

app_opted_in

• Bytecode: 0x61
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., bool
• 1 if account A is opted in to application B, else 0
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an available account address), available application id (or, since v4, a Txn.ForeignApps offset). Return: 1 if opted in and 0 otherwise.

app_local_get

• Bytecode: 0x62
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: stateKey → ..., any
• local state of the key B in the current application in account A
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an available account address), state key. Return: value. The value is zero (of type uint64) if the key does not exist.

app_local_get_ex

• Bytecode: 0x63
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64, C: stateKey → ..., X: any, Y: bool
• X is the local state of application B, key C in account A. Y is 1 if key existed, else 0
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an available account address), available application id (or, since v4, a Txn.ForeignApps offset), state key. Return: did_exist flag (top of the stack, 1 if the application and key existed and 0 otherwise), value. The value is zero (of type uint64) if the key does not exist.

app_global_get

• Bytecode: 0x64
• Stack: ..., A: stateKey → ..., any
• global state of the key A in the current application
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

params: state key. Return: value. The value is zero (of type uint64) if the key does not exist.

app_global_get_ex

• Bytecode: 0x65
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: stateKey → ..., X: any, Y: bool
• X is the global state of application A, key B. Y is 1 if key existed, else 0
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

params: Txn.ForeignApps offset (or, since v4, an available application id), state key. Return: did_exist flag (top of the stack, 1 if the application and key existed and 0 otherwise), value. The value is zero (of type uint64) if the key does not exist.

app_local_put

• Bytecode: 0x66
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: stateKey, C → ...
• write C to key B in account A's local state of the current application
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an available account address), state key, value.

app_global_put

• Bytecode: 0x67
• Stack: ..., A: stateKey, B → ...
• write B to key A in the global state of the current application
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

app_local_del

• Bytecode: 0x68
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: stateKey → ...
• delete key B from account A's local state of the current application
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an available account address), state key.

Deleting a key which is already absent has no effect on the application local state. (In particular, it does not cause the program to fail.)

app_global_del

• Bytecode: 0x69
• Stack: ..., A: stateKey → ...
• delete key A from the global state of the current application
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

params: state key.

Deleting a key which is already absent has no effect on the application global state. (In particular, it does not cause the program to fail.)

asset_holding_get

• Syntax: asset_holding_get F where F: asset_holding
• Bytecode: 0x70 {uint8}
• Stack: ..., A: uint64, B: uint64 → ..., X: any, Y: bool
• X is field F from account A's holding of asset B. Y is 1 if A is opted into B, else 0
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

asset_holding

Fields

Index	Name	Type	Notes
0	AssetBalance	uint64	Amount of the asset unit held by this account
1	AssetFrozen	bool	Is the asset frozen or not

params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an available address), asset id (or, since v4, a Txn.ForeignAssets offset). Return: did_exist flag (1 if the asset existed and 0 otherwise), value.

asset_params_get

• Syntax: asset_params_get F where F: asset_params
• Bytecode: 0x71 {uint8}
• Stack: ..., A: uint64 → ..., X: any, Y: bool
• X is field F from asset A. Y is 1 if A exists, else 0
• Availability: v2
• Mode: Application

asset_params

Fields

Index	Name	Type	Notes
0	AssetTotal	uint64	Total number of units of this asset
1	AssetDecimals	uint64	See AssetParams.Decimals
2	AssetDefaultFrozen	bool	Frozen by default or not
3	AssetUnitName	[]byte	Asset unit name
4	AssetName	[]byte	Asset name
5	AssetURL	[]byte	URL with additional info about the asset
6	AssetMetadataHash	[32]byte	Arbitrary commitment
7	AssetManager	address	Manager address
8	AssetReserve	address	Reserve address
9	AssetFreeze	address	Freeze address
10	AssetClawback	address	Clawback address

params: Txn.ForeignAssets offset (or, since v4, an available asset id. Return: did_exist flag (1 if the asset existed and 0 otherwise), value.